Hybrid threats embody a mixture of violent, coercive and non-violent means in order to enable state and non-state actors to achieve their ends. The concept of hybrid threats has in recent years become an integral part of the security and national security policies adopted by the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and […]
An examination of the only complete Soviet KGB active measures campaign plan that has surfaced. Based on it, a number of conclusions can be drawn on what characterized Soviet active measures during the Cold War, and for this reason might still characterize contemporary Russian active measures. Get Full text in PDF
The Archivio Segreto Vaticano, the Secret Archives, or to use its full and official name, Archivum secretum apostolicum Vaticanum, has handled official Church business for centuries. The modern Archives were established around 1610 but its collections include a very large number of documents that go back much further in time. Exactly how far is unknown; […]
What Makes Central Asian Islam Central Asian? In March 2005, an Afghan deputy minister of the interior (who out of mercy will remain unnamed) was touring Europe. At one stop, he suddenly found himself faced with a question that obviously took him by surprise. How long, an innocent but assuredly well-meaning European asked, had Afghanistan […]
I dessa dagar, då EU ständigt förefaller ställa nya krav på Turkiet för att landet till sist ska beviljas medlemskap i unionen, kan det vara på sin plats att påminna om den tid då Turkiet, i form av Osmanska riket, var den superstat till vilken förföljda européer kunde fly när det ryska hotet blev alltför påträngande […]
Around 1800, three great powers faced each other in Inner Asia: Britain, Russia, and the Manchu empire. The West referred to the latter as China, given that China since the seventeenth century formed the economically most important part of the Manchu empire. The Manchus were in decline, but they remained sufficiently strong to control the […]
